By Ansha Hamid PharmD Candidate c/o 2027

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that is described by a list of debilitating symptoms, including disorganized thoughts and behaviors, out-of-touch experiences, hallucinations, and significant social and occupational dysfunction. Existing therapies predominantly rely on antipsychotic medications targeting dopamine receptors and offer only some relief. However, they often have drastic side effects such as movement, weight gain, and metabolic disturbances.¹  

The arrival of the new drug Cobenfy (xanomeline and trospium chloride) has created a momentous influence in the treatment of schizophrenia. Approved by the FDA on September 26th, 2024, Cobenfy has demonstrated to offer a potential alternative for specific individuals who have not responded sufficiently to conventional antipsychotics or who experience intolerable side effects. Cobenfy leverages a new and unique mechanism of action. Xanomeline acts as a muscarinic agonist, selectively activating specific brain receptors involved in cognitive function and emotional regulation. However, triggering these receptors leads to unwanted side effects like nausea and diarrhea. To relieve these symptoms, Cobenfy incorporates trospium chloride, a muscarinic antagonist that helps minimize the gastrointestinal side effects of xanomeline.²  

In a series of Phase 3 clinical trials, known as the EMERGENT-2 and EMERGENT-3 studies, the efficacy of Cobenfy was evaluated as randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trials involving adults with schizophrenia. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either Cobenfy or a placebo for a specific duration. Cobenfy demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in overall symptom severity compared to the placebo, as gauged by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). This reduction was observed across both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.³ While side effects were detected, they were generally manageable and consistent with the known pharmacology of the medication. Common side effects included dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision.⁴ In addition to symptom improvement, other trials have assessed functional outcomes, such as social functioning and quality of life, although this information is not currently available.

The introduction of Cobenfy has the potential to impact clinical practice in several ways. Physicians now have a valuable new tool for treating schizophrenia, as Cobenfy provides a new alternative for patients who have not responded to or cannot tolerate existing therapies. By offering a new mechanism of action and potentially a more favorable side effect profile compared to most traditional antipsychotics, Cobenfy may help patients achieve better symptom control, improve their quality of life, and enhance their overall functioning.⁵ The availability of Cobenfy can now contribute to a more personalized approach to schizophrenia treatment, giving clinicians more options to select a more appropriate medication for individual patients based on their specific needs and treatment history.

While the initial clinical trial results are promising, more research is needed to investigate the long-term safety and efficacy of Cobenfy further. Long-term studies are required to assess the medication’s sustained impact on symptoms, cognitive function, quality of life over time, and potential for long-term adverse effects. 

References:

1. National Institute of Mental Health. Schizophrenia. www.nimh.nih.gov. Published 2024. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
2. Shekhar A, Potter WZ, Lightfoot J, et al. Selective muscarinic receptor agonist xanomeline as a novel treatment approach for schizophrenia. The American journal of psychiatry. 2008;165(8):1033-1039. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.06091591
3. Center. Drug Trials Snapshots: COBENFY. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Published 2025. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/drug-trials-snapshot-cobenfy
4. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approves Bristol Myers Squibb’s COBENFY^TM (xanomeline and trospium chloride), a First-In-Class Muscarinic Agonist for the Treatment of Schizophrenia in Adults. Bms.com. Published 2020. https://news.bms.com/news/details/2024/U.S.-Food-and-Drug-Administration-Approves-Bristol-Myers-Squibbs-COBENFY-xanomeline-and-trospium-chloride-a-First-In-Class-Muscarinic-Agonist-for-the-Treatment-of-Schizophrenia-in-Adults/default.aspx
5. Understanding Cobenfy: A conversation with NeuRA’s Dr Tertia…. NeuRA. Published 2024. https://neura.edu.au/news-media/researcher-news/understanding-cobenfy-a-conversation-with-neuras-dr-tertia-purves-tyson